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Kastsyukovichy, nestled within the Mahilyowskaya Voblasts’ of Belarus, occupies a geographically significant position within the Eastern European Plain. Located at approximately 53.3333° N, 32.0500° E, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills, typical of the Polesian Lowland, a region known for its wetlands and fertile soils. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and root crops dominating the view. This proximity to intensive farming practices contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Kastsyukovichy benefits from the presence of smaller streams and drainage channels, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting pollutant dispersion. The town’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 140 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during temperature inversions. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Kastsyukovichy blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape, with scattered rural settlements and farmland bordering the town limits. Historically, the region has seen some industrial activity, though Kastsyukovichy itself is primarily a residential and agricultural center. The broader regional context includes the presence of larger industrial hubs further west, potentially contributing to transboundary air pollution events. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying pollutants from these areas, while the flat topography limits natural ventilation, hindering the dispersal of locally generated emissions. The Polesian forests to the east offer some degree of air purification, but their influence is limited by distance and prevailing wind patterns.

Kastsyukovichy’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, soil disturbance from early agricultural activities can release dust and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) typically sees relatively cleaner air, aided by consistent winds and higher temperatures that promote atmospheric mixing. The risk of localized pollution spikes, however, remains due to agricultural spraying and occasional heatwaves. Autumn (September-November) presents the most challenging period. Harvest activities release significant amounts of dust and biomass burning occurs, leading to elevated particulate levels. Temperature inversions, common during this season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Fog, frequent in autumn, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold, stable air and frequent temperature inversions, leading to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels, contributes significantly to particulate pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter, particularly on days with fog or temperature inversions. During harvest season, wearing a properly fitted mask can reduce exposure to particulate matter. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also provide relief. The combination of agricultural practices and meteorological patterns dictates the air quality experience throughout the year in Kastsyukovichy.