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Donwari, nestled within the Alibori Department of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern savanna region. Located at approximately 11.1197° latitude and 2.8558° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Sahelian transition zone. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive millet, sorghum, and maize fields interspersed with acacia woodlands and sparse vegetation. Donwari’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during the dry season. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area benefits from seasonal watercourses and groundwater resources, influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient around Donwari is gradual, with small villages and agricultural plots closely surrounding the town, creating a blended landscape. The proximity to larger agricultural zones means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue after harvest, can significantly impact local air quality. Further afield, the Pendjari National Park, a biodiversity hotspot, lies to the northwest, though its influence on Donwari’s immediate air quality is limited. The regional position, bordering Burkina Faso, also introduces potential transboundary pollution influences, though these are generally less pronounced than localized sources. The prevailing winds, often light and variable, can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants within the town’s boundaries, especially when coupled with temperature inversions common during the cooler months.

Donwari’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to March, presents the most challenging conditions. Characterized by minimal rainfall and consistently high temperatures, this period often sees a build-up of particulate matter due to agricultural burning, dust storms originating from the Sahel, and reduced atmospheric dispersion. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are frequent, further hindering the vertical mixing of pollutants. The months of January and February are typically the most problematic, with increased respiratory irritation reported. The onset of the wet season (April to October) brings a welcome reprieve. Rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, significantly improving air quality. However, the initial weeks of the rainy season can see a temporary spike in humidity and fungal spores, potentially affecting individuals with allergies. During the peak of the rainy season (July-August), wind patterns shift, often bringing more frequent and stronger breezes that help disperse pollutants. The transition months (March and October) are generally moderate, with air quality fluctuating as the climate shifts. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak burning periods and seeking shelter when dust storms occur. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration is also advisable.