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Sinmpérékou, nestled within the Alibori Department of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern savanna region of the country. Located at approximately 11.2333° latitude and 2.4167° longitude, the town’s elevation hovers around 300 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally drier climate compared to southern Benin. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating grasslands and sparse woodland, typical of the Sahelian transition zone. This area is predominantly agricultural, with millet, sorghum, and maize cultivation being vital to the local economy. The urban–rural gradient around Sinmpérékou is relatively sharp; the town itself represents a concentrated population center surrounded by dispersed rural settlements and extensive farmland. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area experiences seasonal watercourses that can influence local humidity and, consequently, atmospheric conditions. The proximity to larger agricultural zones means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, can significantly impact air quality, particularly during the dry season. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Sinmpérékou, but the town serves as a regional market center, leading to vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can influence wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized air quality issues. The overall geographic setting presents a unique challenge for air quality management, balancing agricultural needs with the health of the local population.

Sinmpérékou’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, presents the most significant air quality concerns. During this period, reduced rainfall and lower humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions, particularly in the early morning. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating any existing emissions. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, becomes prevalent, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants into the air. Wind speeds are generally lower during the dry season, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The months of January and February are often the most challenging, with increased respiratory irritation reported. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief as increased rainfall washes away particulate matter and higher humidity helps to bind pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release mold spores and other allergens into the air. The monsoon-like rains, while beneficial for cleansing the atmosphere, can also temporarily reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours (early morning and late afternoon). During the wet season, those with allergies should monitor pollen and mold counts. Overall, understanding the interplay between rainfall, temperature, and agricultural practices is crucial for managing air quality in Sinmpérékou.