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Sori, nestled within the Alibori Department of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern savanna region of the country. Located at approximately 10.7281° N, 2.7825° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Sahelian transition zone. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 250-300 meters above sea level, contributing to a stable atmospheric layer that can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. Sori’s surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive grasslands and sparse woodland, interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots – primarily millet, sorghum, and maize cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital for local livelihoods, can contribute to particulate matter through burning practices during land clearing and harvesting. The urban–rural gradient around Sori is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. While Sori lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, it benefits from seasonal rainfall, which influences local humidity and atmospheric stability. The region’s position away from major industrial belts minimizes large-scale industrial pollution, however, the reliance on biomass for cooking and heating, common in rural Benin, represents a localized source of air contaminants. The prevailing winds, generally from the north during the dry season, can transport dust and particulate matter from the surrounding savanna, impacting air quality within the city. The relatively flat topography limits dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations, especially during periods of reduced wind activity.

Sori’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical savanna climate, characterized by a pronounced wet and dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to drier vegetation and soil, increasing the prevalence of windblown dust and particulate matter. The lack of significant rainfall also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating localized concentrations. Burning of agricultural residues after harvest, a traditional practice, significantly contributes to particulate pollution during this period. The months of January and February often see the highest levels of suspended particles. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) brings a marked improvement in air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity can help to settle particulate matter. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from soil and stagnant water. During the transition months (March and October), air quality is variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and the gradual change in precipitation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust events and avoiding areas with significant biomass burning. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is also crucial during this period.