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Toura, a municipality within Benin’s Alibori Department, occupies a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the country’s southern plateau. Situated at coordinates 11.2436°N, 2.3831°E, the city’s geography is heavily influenced by its position within the broader Niger River basin. While not directly on the river itself, Toura’s proximity – approximately 50km east of the Niger’s bend – means it experiences the hydrological rhythms of the region, including seasonal flooding and associated humidity. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah, transitioning into gallery forests along seasonal watercourses. Agriculture dominates the regional economy, with significant cultivation of cotton, maize, and yams. This agricultural activity, while vital for livelihoods, contributes to particulate matter pollution through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural residue. Toura’s urban character is that of a growing regional market town, experiencing a gradual urban-rural gradient as it attracts migrants seeking economic opportunities. The lack of significant industrial development within Toura itself means that the primary air quality concerns stem from localized sources like dust from unpaved roads, biomass burning for cooking and heating, and agricultural practices. The relatively low elevation and limited topographical features hinder natural dispersion of pollutants, potentially exacerbating air quality issues during calm weather conditions.

Toura experiences a distinct tropical climate with a pronounced wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased reliance on biomass burning for cooking and heating, coupled with agricultural practices like bush burning to prepare fields for the next planting season, contribute to elevated levels of smoke and dust. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can transport significant amounts of dust southward, further degrading air quality during these months. February and March are generally the least favourable for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The transition period of April-May brings increased rainfall, offering some relief, but also increased humidity which can trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from June to October, generally offers the best air quality due to frequent rainfall washing away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote mold growth, posing a separate health risk. November sees a gradual deterioration as the dry season approaches. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should take extra precautions during the dry season, limiting outdoor exposure and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary.