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Gouandé, nestled within the Atacora region of northern Benin (coordinates 10.7828° N, 0.9186° E), presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at an elevation of approximately 230 meters (755 feet) above sea level, the city occupies a transitional zone between the wooded savannah and the montane ecosystems of the Pendjari National Park, a crucial biodiversity hotspot. This proximity to both agricultural lands and a protected natural area creates a complex interplay of potential pollution sources. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, interspersed with small-scale farming plots cultivating crops like maize, millet, and sorghum. This agricultural activity, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, contributes to particulate matter through soil disturbance and biomass burning. The urban–rural gradient around Gouandé is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just over 13,000, but it serves as a regional market town, attracting people and goods from surrounding villages. There are no major rivers immediately adjacent to Gouandé, though seasonal streams flow through the area, impacting local humidity. While there are no large-scale industrial belts directly bordering the city, the region experiences some artisanal mining activities, potentially releasing dust and other pollutants. Topography plays a key role; the valley setting can trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind, while the surrounding hills can influence airflow patterns and dispersal.

Gouandé experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by lower humidity and increased temperatures. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations due to agricultural burning practices – farmers clearing fields for planting. The lack of rainfall allows these particles to linger in the atmosphere, exacerbated by relatively calm wind conditions. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, can also occur, further hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. The wet season, from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and reducing particulate matter. However, heavy downpours can temporarily increase dust levels as they resuspend settled particles. Fog, particularly in the early mornings during the transition periods between seasons, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly from June to September. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The transition months (April/May and October/November) can be unpredictable, with fluctuating air quality depending on rainfall and wind patterns. Maintaining awareness of local conditions and limiting strenuous activity during periods of poor visibility is advisable for all residents.