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Tobré, nestled within the Atacora Department of Benin, presents a fascinating case study in rural urbanisation and its impact on air quality. Located at coordinates 10.2000, 2.1333, the city occupies a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Atacora Plateau, though gentle undulations are present. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah, interspersed with gallery forests along seasonal watercourses. Tobré isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but relies on these ephemeral streams and groundwater for its water supply. The city’s position isn’t within a heavily industrialised belt; rather, the economic activity is largely agricultural, focused on subsistence farming and small-scale trade. This agricultural landscape, while vital for livelihoods, contributes to particulate matter through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural residue. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp around Tobré, transitioning quickly from denser settlement to open farmland. This proximity means that prevailing winds can readily carry pollutants from agricultural activities directly into the city centre. Dust from unpaved roads is also a significant factor, exacerbated by the seasonal shifts between wet and dry periods. The elevation, while not high, influences local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s growth, while modest with a population of 16912, is increasing pressure on local resources and potentially impacting air quality.

Tobré experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to April, is when air quality is typically poorest. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural burning for land preparation is at its peak, releasing significant amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can also transport dust and sand, further degrading air quality. January and February are generally the most challenging months. The transition period, April-May, sees increased dust from drying vegetation and sporadic burning. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief. Rainfall washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and vegetation growth reduces dust resuspension. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution can occur from vehicle emissions and domestic cooking using biomass fuels. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can see increased humidity and stagnant air, potentially trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly January and February. During the wet season, while generally better, monitoring localised sources of pollution remains important. Proper ventilation is crucial when cooking with wood or charcoal year-round.