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Akassato, nestled within the Atlantique region of Benin (coordinates 6.5000, 2.3667) and home to a population of approximately 17,197, occupies a geographically significant position along the coastal plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the low-lying coastal areas of Benin, with gentle slopes leading towards the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 10-15 kilometers to the south. This proximity to the ocean influences local weather patterns and contributes to a humid, tropical climate. Surrounding Akassato is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily focused on cocoa, cassava, and maize cultivation, interspersed with small villages and scattered palm groves. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activities continuing within a few kilometers of the city limits. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Akassato; however, larger industrial zones are located further inland, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The city’s location within the Atlantique region means it experiences significant maritime influences, including sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, but also the potential for salt spray and coastal fog. The relatively flat topography limits vertical mixing of air, which can exacerbate pollution episodes, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape, a blend of farmland and scattered vegetation, contributes to a background level of particulate matter, primarily from agricultural practices and biomass burning, which can be elevated during the dry season. The lack of significant elevation means that pollutants tend to remain closer to ground level.

Akassato’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, intensifies during this period, releasing substantial quantities of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Stagnant air conditions are also more frequent, particularly during January and February, as temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief through frequent rainfall, which effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and fog, which, while reducing visibility, can also trap pollutants in localized areas. Wind patterns are generally moderate throughout the year, but during the dry season, periods of calm winds are common, further exacerbating pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and days with stagnant air. The transition months of March and October often experience fluctuating air quality as the seasons shift, with unpredictable burning practices and variable wind conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is particularly important during the dry season.