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Hévié, a city nestled within the Atlantique Department of Benin, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain at approximately 6.4167°N latitude and 2.2500°E longitude. Its location, just inland from the Atlantic Ocean, profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is characterised by low-lying areas interspersed with lagoons and waterways, typical of the Benin coastline. Hévié’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural community to a more diversified economic hub, though agriculture remains significant in the surrounding areas. The city’s proximity to Cotonou, Benin’s economic capital, creates a strong urban-rural gradient, with Hévié experiencing increasing pressures from migration and associated development. This growth, while positive economically, introduces challenges related to waste management and increased vehicular traffic. The surrounding landscape is dominated by coastal vegetation, including coconut palms and mangrove forests, but also features areas of intensive farming, particularly of palm oil and cotton. Dust from agricultural activities, combined with potential industrial emissions from nearby Cotonou, contribute to particulate matter in the air. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the rainy season, can transport pollutants from both the ocean and inland sources, impacting local air quality.

Hévié experiences a tropical climate defined by distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing air quality patterns. The wet season, typically spanning from April to October, brings relief from dust and particulate matter due to frequent rainfall which effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. November to March constitutes the dry season, marked by the Harmattan wind – a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara Desert. This period sees a significant increase in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), reducing visibility and posing health risks. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can trap pollutants near the ground during calm mornings in the dry season. February and March are generally the months with the poorest air quality due to peak Harmattan influence. Outdoor activity should be minimized during these months, particularly for individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions. The transition months of April and October offer the most favourable conditions. Localised burning of vegetation for agricultural purposes during the dry season also contributes to temporary spikes in pollution. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants from Cotonou can be carried towards Hévié.