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Agblangandan, a municipality within the Ouémé Department of Benin, occupies a relatively flat, low-lying terrain typical of southern Benin. Situated at coordinates 6.3667°N, 2.5167°E, the city’s geography is profoundly influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 60km to the south. This coastal influence moderates temperatures but also contributes to high humidity levels throughout much of the year. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily subsistence farming of crops like maize, cassava, and vegetables, interspersed with patches of gallery forest along the numerous small streams and waterways that drain towards the ocean. While Agblangandan isn’t a major industrial hub, the increasing presence of small-scale processing facilities for agricultural products, alongside the informal sector activities common in Beninese cities, contribute to localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning rapidly to rural farmland within a few kilometres. This proximity means that agricultural practices, including the burning of vegetation after harvest, directly impact local air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the Gulf of Guinea, can transport pollutants inland, affecting Agblangandan’s air. The flat topography offers little natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating the issue during periods of calm weather.

Agblangandan experiences a tropical climate defined by distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, spanning November to March, is typically characterised by the poorest air quality. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, bring dust and particulate matter southward, significantly increasing PM10 and PM2.5 levels. Lower humidity during this period also means pollutants are less likely to be washed out by rain. February and March are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. The transition period, April-May, sees increasing rainfall and a gradual improvement in air quality as dust is cleared. The wet season, June to October, generally offers the cleanest air, with frequent rainfall effectively scrubbing the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mold and mildew, potentially triggering allergic reactions. September and October, towards the end of the wet season, can see a slight uptick in pollutants due to reduced wind speeds and increased biomass burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should take extra precautions during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for anticipating pollution episodes.