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Méridjonou, a small city nestled within the Ouémé Department of Benin, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain location at approximately 6.46°N latitude and 2.68°E longitude. Its position is intrinsically linked to the lagoon system of southern Benin, being situated not far from the Lagoons of Porto-Novo and Nokoué. The terrain is predominantly low-lying, characteristic of the broader coastal region, with elevations rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level. This flatness contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily subsistence farming of maize, cassava, and vegetables – interspersed with small settlements and patches of mangrove forest along the waterways. While not a major industrial hub itself, Méridjonou’s proximity to the larger port city of Cotonou (approximately 30km distant) means it experiences some degree of industrial influence via transport corridors. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre quickly gives way to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation and seasonal burning. The prevailing winds, generally from the Gulf of Guinea, can carry both marine aerosols and pollutants inland, impacting air quality in Méridjonou.

Méridjonou experiences a tropical climate defined by distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, spanning November to March, typically sees the poorest air quality. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, bring substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Temperature inversions are also more common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. April to July marks the transition period, with increasing rainfall beginning to wash away accumulated dust, offering a temporary improvement. The wet season, from August to October, generally presents the best air quality due to frequent rainfall effectively cleansing the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mold and mildew, potentially triggering allergic reactions. The heaviest rainfall in October can lead to localised flooding, stirring up sediment and impacting waterborne disease risks. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the peak of the Harmattan (December-February) is advisable. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should take extra precautions during dust events, and monitor their health closely. The transition months offer a balance between cleaner air and manageable humidity.