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Banigbé, nestled within the Plateau State of Benin (coordinates 6.9000, 2.6500) and home to approximately 16,080 residents, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s central region. The town’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the derived savanna woodland that dominates this part of Benin. This landscape transitions gradually from the northern fringes of the Guinean woodlands to the drier Sahelian zones further north, influencing local vegetation and agricultural practices. Banigbé’s elevation is relatively modest, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric mixing layer, though localized topography can still influence airflow. The town is not directly adjacent to any major rivers or lakes, though seasonal streams and smaller water bodies punctuate the surrounding agricultural land, impacting humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with smallholder farms cultivating crops like maize, cassava, and yam. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter through burning practices during land clearing and harvesting. Banigbé’s urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is compact, with a clear distinction between the built-up area and the surrounding rural farmland. The proximity to larger urban centers like Bokaro and the state capital, Jos, means that Banigbé can experience some degree of downwind pollution transport, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the southwest, potentially carrying pollutants from more industrialized areas to the east.

Banigbé experiences a tropical savanna climate, defined by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, the dry season is often associated with increased agricultural burning, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and carbon monoxide into the air. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during this period, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief as frequent rainfall washes away pollutants and increases atmospheric humidity, promoting better air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased fungal spores and allergens, impacting respiratory health. During the transition months (March and October), wind patterns can be variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. The months of January and February are generally considered the most challenging for outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma or bronchitis. Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable during the dry season and should limit prolonged outdoor exposure. Maintaining good hydration and avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution periods is advisable. While the wet season generally improves air quality, those with pollen allergies should remain vigilant during periods of high humidity and fungal growth.