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Inhapi, a municipality nestled in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat portion of the semi-arid Sertão region. Located at approximately -9.2214 latitude and -37.7486 longitude, the city’s geography is characterised by low elevation and a landscape dominated by *caatinga* scrubland. This biome, adapted to prolonged drought, contributes to significant dust particulate matter in the air, particularly during the dry season. The São Francisco River, a vital waterway for the region, flows nearby, influencing local humidity levels but not directly mitigating widespread dust. Inhapi’s urban character is typical of smaller Brazilian cities, with a central core surrounded by expanding residential areas and agricultural land. The surrounding area is primarily dedicated to subsistence farming and livestock raising, with limited heavy industry. However, the increasing use of agricultural machinery and burning of vegetation for land clearing contribute to localised air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the city centre due to vehicle emissions and domestic fuel burning. The city’s position within a broad river valley can also trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of calm weather. The lack of significant topographical features limits natural ventilation.

Inhapi experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from September to February, is characterised by extremely low rainfall and high temperatures. This period sees a significant increase in airborne dust and particulate matter, originating from the arid *caatinga* and agricultural activities. Strong winds can exacerbate the problem, carrying dust plumes across the city. Conversely, the wet season, from March to August, brings relief from dust, as rainfall effectively suppresses particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. Months like November and December are generally the most challenging for those with respiratory sensitivities. For outdoor activities, the wet season, particularly April and May, offers the most favourable conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Burning of agricultural waste, a common practice, should be avoided to minimise pollution spikes.