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Limoeiro de Anadia, nestled in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at approximately -9.7406° latitude and -36.5028° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Seridó region. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of *caatinga* vegetation, a semi-arid biome adapted to seasonal drought, interspersed with agricultural lands and small rural settlements. This *caatinga* ecosystem, while resilient, can contribute to particulate matter in the air, particularly during dry periods when vegetation is stressed. Limoeiro de Anadia sits relatively far from major coastal influences, minimizing the impact of maritime breezes on air circulation. The city’s elevation, though modest, influences local weather patterns, creating microclimates that can trap pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities, primarily focused on cassava and beans, extending close to the city limits. While not situated directly adjacent to a major river, the region relies on groundwater resources, and agricultural practices involving irrigation can impact local humidity and, indirectly, air quality. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Limoeiro de Anadia itself reduces direct industrial emissions, however, the proximity to larger regional centers and transportation corridors means that pollutants can be transported into the area. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles, impacting the city’s air quality profile.

Limoeiro de Anadia’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from September to April, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, stemming from agricultural activities like controlled burns for land clearing and harvesting, as well as increased dust lifted by drier winds. The lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing, and the higher temperatures can exacerbate photochemical smog formation, although this is less pronounced than in more industrialized areas. During the wet season (May to August), increased rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. Humidity levels also rise, which can trap some pollutants closer to the ground, but the overall effect is a reduction in particulate matter. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition periods between seasons, trapping pollutants and creating localized air quality concerns. The months of October and November, marking the transition to the dry season, often experience elevated dust levels due to wind erosion of exposed soil. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion during peak sunlight hours and monitoring local air quality information. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide relief.