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Novo Lino, nestled in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at approximately -8.9150 latitude and -35.6467 longitude, the municipality sits within a transitional zone between the Agreste and the coastal plains, influencing its terrain and climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mosaic of rolling hills, patches of dense Atlantic Forest remnants, and areas dedicated to agricultural activity, primarily sugarcane and cassava cultivation. Novo Lino’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 200 meters above sea level, contributing to a warm and humid climate typical of the region. The proximity to the São Francisco River, a vital waterway for Alagoas, moderates temperatures and introduces a degree of humidity, though the river's direct influence on Novo Lino itself is limited by distance. The urban character of Novo Lino is that of a small, developing municipality, with a population of just over 12,000. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural lands extending close to the town's periphery. While Novo Lino isn't situated within a major industrial belt, the regional agricultural processing industry, particularly sugarcane mills, represents a potential source of localized air pollutants. Prevailing winds generally flow from the northeast, carrying moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, but can shift seasonally, impacting the dispersion of any pollutants released. The topography, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap air, particularly during periods of calm weather, potentially exacerbating localized air quality issues.

Novo Lino’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry seasonal pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a slight increase in particulate matter concentrations, stemming from agricultural burning practices used to clear land for planting and harvesting. While controlled burns are common, they can occasionally lead to elevated levels of smoke and associated pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The wet season, from January to July, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. The increased precipitation naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality during these months. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from saturated soils and contribute to localized odour issues. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during the cooler months (August-October), trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Fog, while not a common occurrence, can also contribute to pollutant accumulation. For sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, the dry season months of September and October warrant particular caution, with reduced outdoor activity advised during periods of visible smoke. The wet season generally offers a more favourable environment for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding potential flooding-related air quality impacts is still recommended.