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União dos Palmares, nestled in the Alagoas state of northeastern Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Mata Atlântica biome, a historically extensive rainforest now fragmented. Located at approximately -9.1628° latitude and -36.0319° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of the region’s geological history and the erosive forces of seasonal rainfall. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sugarcane plantations, small-scale agriculture, and remnants of the Atlantic Forest, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. União dos Palmares sits relatively close to the Atlantic coast, approximately 30 kilometers away, influencing local weather patterns and potentially impacting air quality through maritime influences. The elevation varies, generally ranging from 30 to 150 meters above sea level, which can affect the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the prevalence of sugarcane cultivation necessitates the use of agricultural machinery and, historically, burning practices, which can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The city’s urban character is primarily residential and commercial, with a developing infrastructure. The proximity to the Rio São Francisco, a vital waterway for the region, also plays a role in the local microclimate and potential for humidity-related air quality considerations. The prevailing winds, often influenced by coastal breezes, generally move from east to west, impacting the distribution of any airborne pollutants.

União dos Palmares experiences a tropical climate, defined by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from September to April, often sees a reduction in overall air quality concerns due to lower humidity and increased wind speeds, facilitating pollutant dispersion. However, this period also coincides with the peak of sugarcane harvesting, which can lead to localized spikes in particulate matter from agricultural activities, including machinery emissions and, potentially, controlled burns, although regulations aim to minimize this. The wet season, from May to August, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in low-lying areas, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur during the wet season, exacerbating air quality issues by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersal. During the transition months (April/May and September/October), atmospheric stability is often greatest, increasing the risk of temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants close to the surface. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly mindful of air quality during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion when agricultural activity is high or when stagnant air conditions are observed. While the coastal breezes generally provide ventilation, localized sources can still significantly impact air quality in specific areas of the city.