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Água Boa, nestled in the southern reaches of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Located at approximately -17.9958° latitude and -42.3889° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of around 830 meters (2723 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the Cerrado, transitioning into more rugged terrain further west towards the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. This proximity to the Mantiqueira influences local weather patterns, occasionally bringing cooler air masses. The city’s urban character is that of a developing municipality, primarily driven by agriculture and livestock farming, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. While Água Boa isn't directly adjacent to major rivers, it benefits from groundwater resources, crucial for both agriculture and the local population. The region is part of a broader agricultural belt, with soybean, maize, and cattle ranching being dominant land uses. This agricultural activity, coupled with the increasing use of machinery and transportation, presents a potential source of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The Cerrado’s natural vegetation, while generally acting as a carbon sink, can also contribute to seasonal particulate emissions through controlled burns, a common agricultural practice. The relatively open terrain allows for good air circulation under normal conditions, but can also facilitate the transport of pollutants from neighboring agricultural areas, impacting local air quality.

Água Boa experiences a tropical savanna climate, marked by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, often sees a noticeable increase in air quality concerns. During this period, reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, promoting the accumulation of dust and particulate matter stirred up by agricultural activities like plowing and harvesting. The lack of rain also means fewer opportunities for pollutants to be washed out of the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, particularly in the mornings, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. The burning season, often coinciding with the dry season's onset, significantly contributes to elevated particulate matter levels. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings frequent rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly improving air quality. Increased humidity also helps to suppress dust generation. However, heavy rainfall events can occasionally lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from inundated areas. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), air quality tends to be more variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and the interplay between dry and wet season conditions. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly on days with high winds or visible dust, and avoid strenuous outdoor activities during periods of stagnant air.