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Araguari, nestled in the southwestern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a transitional zone between the Cerrado biome and the more humid tropical forests. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 830 meters (2,723 feet), contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric boundary layer which can trap pollutants. Its coordinates (-18.6489, -48.1869) place it within a gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the Brazilian Highlands. Araguari’s urban character is defined by a grid-like street pattern, typical of planned Brazilian cities, radiating from a central commercial district. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive agricultural lands, primarily soybean, corn, and sugarcane cultivation, alongside cattle ranching. This agricultural intensity is a significant factor influencing local air quality, through dust from land preparation, pesticide application, and biomass burning. The nearby Rio das Velhas, while not immediately adjacent, influences regional humidity and can contribute to localized fog formation. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with rapid transitions from densely populated areas to expansive agricultural fields. Industrial activity is present, though less concentrated than in larger metropolitan areas, adding to the complex pollution profile. The city’s position within a broad valley can also exacerbate pollution events by limiting air dispersion.

Araguari experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to April) due to rainfall scavenging particulate matter and suppressing dust from agricultural activities. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The driest months, May through September, consistently present the poorest air quality. This is largely due to increased agricultural burning for land clearing and crop residue management, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. Temperature inversions are common during the dry season’s cooler nights, trapping pollutants near the ground. Wind patterns, generally from the south-southeast, can transport pollutants from agricultural areas directly over the city. August and September are typically the most challenging months for respiratory health. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. The transition months, October and April, offer the most favourable conditions, with moderate temperatures and increased rainfall. Monitoring wind direction and local fire reports is crucial for anticipating pollution spikes.