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Cabo Verde, Minas Gerais, Brazil, nestled at approximately -21.4719 latitude and -46.3958 longitude, occupies a geographically significant position within the southeastern Brazilian landscape. The city’s location, with a population of 11,410, is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, typical of the Serra da Mantiqueira foothills. This region is a transition zone between the Brazilian Highlands and the coastal plains, resulting in a varied topography that influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, featuring extensive agricultural lands – particularly sugarcane and coffee plantations – interspersed with pastureland for cattle ranching. This agricultural activity contributes to potential sources of particulate matter, especially during harvest seasons. Cabo Verde sits within a broader urban–rural gradient, with larger urban centers like Belo Horizonte located approximately 150 kilometers to the north, representing a significant industrial and population hub. The city’s proximity to the Rio Grande, a tributary of the Rio Pará, provides a moderating influence on local climate and humidity, but also introduces the potential for water vapor to interact with pollutants. Elevation plays a crucial role; Cabo Verde sits at a moderate altitude, which can sometimes lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The prevailing winds, generally flowing from the east, carry air masses across the agricultural plains, potentially bringing in pollutants from surrounding areas. The relatively small size of Cabo Verde means that localized emissions from vehicles and small-scale industries have a disproportionately large impact on air quality.

Cabo Verde experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is often associated with improved air quality. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric moisture, which can help disperse pollutants. However, this period can also see increased dust intrusion from the Cerrado biome to the west, particularly during periods of strong winds. The wet season, from October to March, brings higher humidity and frequent rainfall, which generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. However, the increased humidity can also exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Temperature inversions are more common during the cooler, drier months (June-August), trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a common practice during the dry season to clear land for planting, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution, often peaking in September and October. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, further reducing air dispersion and concentrating pollutants. During the wet season, heavy rainfall can lead to localized flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from soil and water sources. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during agricultural burning periods and when temperature inversions are predicted. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during these times. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly after rainfall events.