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Cambuí, nestled within the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the São Paulo metropolitan region's periphery. Located at approximately -22.6119° latitude and -46.0578° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 880 meters (2,887 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying areas of the state. The surrounding landscape is characterized by the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, a prominent feature influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Cambuí’s terrain is undulating, with rolling hills and valleys, impacting drainage and potentially creating localized areas of stagnant air. The city benefits from proximity to the Atibaia River, providing a source of water and influencing humidity levels. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, Cambuí’s location within the São Paulo sphere means it’s susceptible to pollutants transported from the region’s extensive industrial belts and densely populated urban core. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Cambuí transitions quickly from residential areas to agricultural lands and forested slopes, with small-scale farming and cattle ranching prevalent in the surrounding countryside. This interplay between urban development and agricultural activity, combined with the mountainous terrain, creates a complex environment where air quality can be significantly affected by both local and regional factors, particularly during periods of temperature inversion common in the highlands.

Cambuí’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern influencing air quality. The region experiences a wet season (roughly November to March) and a dry season (April to October). During the wet season, increased rainfall generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, periods of prolonged rain can also contribute to increased humidity, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, particularly during September and October, often sees a rise in particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased agricultural burning in surrounding areas. Temperature inversions, a common occurrence during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and potentially impacting air quality. Fog, frequently observed during the dry season mornings, further restricts atmospheric mixing and can concentrate pollutants. The months of August and September are generally considered periods when outdoor activities should be approached with caution, especially for children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. During these months, limiting strenuous outdoor exercise and avoiding areas with visible smoke are advisable. The transition months of April and May, as the wet season begins, often bring a noticeable improvement in air quality as rainfall increases and agricultural burning decreases. Maintaining awareness of regional air quality alerts and following public health advisories is crucial throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated pollution.