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Campos Altos, nestled in the southern reaches of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range foothills. Its coordinates, -19.6958, -46.1708, place it at an elevation of approximately 850 meters (2,789 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Minas Gerais. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills, pastures, and remnants of Atlantic Forest vegetation, though agricultural expansion has significantly altered the original ecosystem. The city’s urban character is that of a small, primarily agricultural municipality, with a relatively low population density of 12,819. Campos Altos serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing and trade, particularly for coffee, soybeans, and corn, which are extensively cultivated in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity, coupled with the presence of smaller-scale industrial operations related to processing these commodities, introduces localized sources of air pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the town's periphery. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region receives rainfall influenced by the broader Mantiqueira system, impacting humidity levels and atmospheric stability. The topography, with its hills and valleys, can lead to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather, exacerbating the impact of emissions from agricultural burning and industrial processes. The regional position, close to larger urban centers like Uberaba, also means it can be affected by pollutants transported from those areas.

Campos Altos experiences a tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall and increased temperatures contribute to atmospheric stability, frequently leading to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This inversion prevents the vertical dispersion of pollutants, resulting in their concentration at ground level. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, intensifies during the dry season, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. The months of August and September often see the highest concentrations of these pollutants. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the wet season also promote better air mixing. However, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to increased levels of ozone due to photochemical reactions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during periods of visible smoke or haze. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable. During the wet season, while air quality is generally improved, vigilance is still necessary, particularly during periods of intense sunlight and high humidity.