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Carmo do Cajuru, nestled in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Cerrado biome and the fringes of the Atlantic Forest. Located at approximately -20.1839 latitude and -44.7708 longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 850 meters (2,789 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Brazil. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the *montanhas* (mountains) of Minas Gerais, interspersed with patches of cerrado vegetation – a savanna-like ecosystem with distinctive grasses and scrubland. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Carmo do Cajuru benefits from proximity to smaller streams and tributaries that feed into larger river systems, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The urban fabric is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of around 23,479. The city exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with agricultural activities, primarily coffee cultivation and cattle ranching, dominating the areas surrounding the urban core. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of air pollutants, including dust from tilling, pesticide drift, and emissions from agricultural machinery. Further afield, the region is part of a broader industrial belt centered around Belo Horizonte, though Carmo do Cajuru itself is not a major industrial hub, minimizing direct industrial air pollution. The terrain’s topography can also influence air circulation patterns, potentially leading to localized air stagnation under certain meteorological conditions.

Carmo do Cajuru experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, presents unique air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, increasing the prevalence of dust and particulate matter stirred up by agricultural activities and vehicle traffic. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. The months of July and August often see the most persistent issues due to a combination of these factors. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere and improves air quality. Higher humidity also helps to suppress dust. However, intense rainfall events can lead to soil erosion and runoff, carrying particulate matter into waterways and potentially impacting air quality through resuspension. Fog, while infrequent, can also trap pollutants during periods of stagnant air. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity during periods of elevated dust or stagnant air. During the wet season, while generally better, vigilance is still advised during heavy rainfall events due to potential runoff and resuspension of particulate matter. The interplay of these seasonal meteorological factors significantly shapes the air quality profile of Carmo do Cajuru.