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Felixlândia, nestled in the heart of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within a gently undulating landscape. Situated at coordinates -18.7578, -44.8989, the city’s elevation contributes to specific microclimatic conditions influencing air quality. The surrounding terrain is characterised by cerrado vegetation, a tropical savanna ecoregion, interspersed with agricultural lands primarily dedicated to cattle ranching and modest crop cultivation. Unlike heavily industrialised areas of Brazil, Felixlândia’s pollution sources are largely diffuse, stemming from agricultural practices, seasonal burning for land clearing, and vehicle emissions along the regional highway network. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre gives way quickly to expansive rural areas. There are no major bodies of water immediately adjacent to Felixlândia, though smaller streams and tributaries feed into the larger São Francisco River basin further afield. This distance mitigates some humidity-related pollution trapping, but also means the city is less buffered against long-range transport of pollutants. The prevailing winds, influenced by the broader South American monsoon system, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating emissions. The topography, while not mountainous, creates localised variations in wind flow, potentially leading to pollutant accumulation in sheltered areas.

Felixlândia experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, is a period of heightened concern. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust suspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, impacting particulate matter levels. Intentional burning for pasture renewal and crop preparation during this time significantly contributes to smoke and gaseous pollutants. August and September are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. Conversely, the wet season, from October to April, generally brings improved air quality. Rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the wet season can also bring periods of stagnant air, particularly in November and December, leading to localised pollutant build-up. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights throughout the year, can exacerbate pollution events by trapping emissions near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak burning periods is advisable.