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Formiga, nestled in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome. Located at approximately -20.4644° S, -45.4264° W and an elevation of around 780 meters (2,560 feet) above sea level, the city enjoys a relatively high plateau setting. This elevation contributes to cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying areas of Brazil, but also influences atmospheric stability, a key factor in air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by the typical Cerrado vegetation – a mix of grasslands, shrubs, and scattered trees – gradually transitioning into agricultural lands as one approaches Formiga. The city sits within a region dominated by cattle ranching and soybean cultivation, representing a significant rural influence. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Formiga benefits from proximity to smaller streams and seasonal watercourses, which can influence local humidity and, consequently, pollutant dispersion. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering Formiga; however, the broader Minas Gerais state is a mining hub, and transportation routes carrying materials from these operations pass through the region, potentially contributing to particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller agricultural settlements interspersed within the broader landscape, impacting the overall air quality dynamics through agricultural practices and vehicle emissions from rural transport.

Formiga’s tropical savanna climate (Aw) dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing by precipitation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier nights, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating localized air quality concerns. Agricultural burning, a practice sometimes employed for land clearing and crop residue management, is most prevalent during the dry season, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. The wet season, from October to March, brings higher humidity and frequent rainfall, naturally flushing the atmosphere of accumulated pollutants. However, intense storms can occasionally stir up dust and soil particles, temporarily degrading air quality. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler periods, particularly in the early morning, further hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding storm-related dust events is advised. The interplay of these seasonal meteorological factors creates a dynamic air quality profile, demanding adaptive strategies for public health protection.