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Guaranésia, nestled in the southwestern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within a gently undulating landscape. Situated at coordinates -21.2989, -46.8028, the city’s elevation contributes to specific microclimatic conditions influencing air quality. The surrounding terrain is characterised by rolling hills and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coffee and sugarcane cultivation, a significant economic driver for the region. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the city lies within the watershed of the Grande River, impacting local humidity and potential for atmospheric moisture. Guaranésia isn’t located within a heavily industrialised belt, but the presence of agricultural activities introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation, harvesting, and biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to rural farmland. This proximity to agricultural zones means that wind patterns can readily transport airborne pollutants from farming operations into the urban area. The city’s relatively small size and limited heavy industry suggest that vehicular emissions and residential wood burning are likely the dominant local pollution sources. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Guaranésia.

Guaranésia experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to April) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. Higher humidity also suppresses dust resuspension. However, the wet season can also bring localised flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from agricultural runoff. The dry season (May to September) consistently presents the poorest air quality. Lower rainfall allows pollutants to accumulate, and drier conditions increase the risk of wildfires, particularly in sugarcane fields after harvest. These fires contribute significantly to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler dry season mornings, trap pollutants near ground level, exacerbating the problem. August and September are typically the months with the most noticeable air quality decline. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Monitoring wind direction is also important, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas. Staying indoors with windows closed and using air purifiers can offer protection during peak pollution events.