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Ibiraci, nestled in the southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Cerrado biome and the transition zone towards the Atlantic Forest. Located at approximately -20.4619° latitude and -47.1219° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 830 meters (2,723 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the Cerrado, interspersed with patches of gallery forest along seasonal streams. While Ibiraci itself is a small municipality with a population of just over 10,000, it’s situated within a region experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, particularly soybean and maize cultivation. This agricultural activity, coupled with livestock farming, introduces potential sources of particulate matter and ammonia into the local atmosphere. The city’s proximity to larger urban centers like Uberaba and Uberlândia, approximately 100 kilometers to the north, places it within the sphere of influence of regional industrial belts, although direct industrial emissions are currently limited within Ibiraci itself. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land dominating the immediate periphery. The lack of major rivers or lakes directly adjacent to Ibiraci means humidity levels can be lower, potentially influencing the dispersion of pollutants. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes lead to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather, impacting air quality within the town itself.

Ibiraci’s tropical savanna climate (Aw) dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a build-up of particulate matter, primarily from agricultural activities like controlled burns for land preparation and harvesting. The drier air also exacerbates dust emissions from unpaved roads, a common feature in rural Brazilian communities. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and dispersing pollutants. Frequent rain showers effectively ‘wash out’ particulate matter, leading to improved air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also mobilize soil particles, temporarily increasing dust levels. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. During the dry months of July and August, outdoor activities should be approached with caution, particularly for children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. The wettest months, January and February, generally offer the best air quality for outdoor pursuits. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for minimizing exposure to potential air quality impacts.