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Janaúba, nestled in the heart of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Cerrado biome. Located at approximately -15.8025° latitude and -43.3089° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 530 meters (1,739 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills typical of the transition zone between the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest. This region is historically marked by extensive agricultural activity, particularly soybean and maize cultivation, alongside cattle ranching, which significantly influences regional land use patterns. Janaúba’s proximity to larger industrial centers in the Jequitinhonha Valley, though not directly adjacent, means it can experience transported pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Janaúba is gradual, with agricultural lands extending outwards, interspersed with smaller settlements. The city itself exhibits a moderate urban character, with a central commercial area and residential zones radiating outwards. The lack of major rivers immediately bordering Janaúba limits natural air cleansing mechanisms, while the prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by regional weather systems, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during drier periods. The soil composition, often sandy and porous, can also affect dust levels, contributing to particulate matter pollution.

Janaúba’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense sunshine. This period frequently witnesses elevated levels of particulate matter, stemming from agricultural activities like harvesting and soil preparation, as well as increased dust lifted by drier winds. Temperature inversions are more common during these months, trapping pollutants near the surface, especially in the early morning hours. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), wind patterns become more variable, leading to unpredictable fluctuations in air quality. The months of August and September often present the most challenging conditions due to a combination of dry conditions, agricultural activity, and potential temperature inversions. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, and the elderly should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality reports. Children are also particularly vulnerable and should be kept indoors during periods of high dust or pollen counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can offer some protection.