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Lambari, nestled in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within a landscape dominated by rolling hills and the beginnings of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. Situated at coordinates -21.9758, -45.3500, the city’s elevation contributes to cooler temperatures than many other parts of the state, but also influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding terrain is primarily agricultural, with coffee plantations and pastureland being prevalent, alongside pockets of Atlantic Forest remnants. The Ribeirão Lambari, a small river, flows through the urban area, providing a local water source but also potentially contributing to humidity and localised temperature inversions. Lambari isn’t a major industrial hub, but regional agricultural processing – particularly coffee drying – can contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is compact, quickly transitioning to rural landscapes. This proximity to agricultural activities, combined with the hilly terrain, means pollutants can become trapped in valleys during calm weather conditions, impacting local air quality. The city’s location, shielded by the mountains to the south, can also limit the flushing of pollutants by prevailing winds. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Lambari.

Lambari experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Lambari is most compromised during the dry season, typically from April to September. This period sees reduced rainfall, leading to increased dust and particulate matter from unpaved roads and agricultural activities like coffee harvesting and drying. Lower humidity also means pollutants are less likely to be washed out of the air. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, exacerbating the issue. October and November, marking the transition to the wet season, often see a temporary worsening as initial rains stir up accumulated dust. The wet season (October to March) generally offers the best air quality, with frequent rainfall effectively cleansing the atmosphere. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from vehicle exhaust and small-scale burning can occur. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the drier months. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak hours on dry, windy days is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when pollution is noticeable is a prudent health strategy.