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Nova Ponte, nestled in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. Located at approximately -19.1983° latitude and -47.7272° longitude, the city’s elevation of around 850 meters above sea level contributes to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Minas Gerais. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills, pastures, and remnants of Atlantic Forest, transitioning into a predominantly rural setting. Nova Ponte sits within a region historically important for coffee cultivation, and agricultural activities, particularly related to coffee and livestock farming, remain significant contributors to the local economy and, potentially, localized air quality. The city’s proximity to the Rio Grande, a tributary of the Paraná River, provides a source of water but also influences local humidity and atmospheric conditions. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Nova Ponte’s location within Minas Gerais places it within reach of larger industrial centers further east, potentially experiencing some downwind impacts from their emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, with a clear delineation between the built environment and the surrounding agricultural lands. Topographically, the terrain is undulating, which can influence local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized areas of higher concentration, especially during periods of calm weather. The mountainous backdrop also contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, a key factor in air quality dynamics.

Nova Ponte’s tropical savanna climate (Aw) dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, often sees a reduction in rainfall and increased sunshine hours. However, this period can also be associated with elevated particulate matter concentrations. The lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation, becomes more prevalent, releasing smoke and pollutants into the air. Temperature inversions are more likely to occur during the cooler, drier nights, trapping pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from soil and water sources. Fog, particularly during the transition months (March/April and September/October), can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants in a localized area. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance is still advised during periods of heavy rainfall or fog. The combination of agricultural practices and the region’s topography creates a dynamic air quality profile, requiring ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies.