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Nova Resende, nestled in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically complex position at coordinates -21.1258, -46.4200. The city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the southeastern Brazilian landscape. Situated at an elevation of approximately 820 meters (2690 feet), Nova Resende benefits from a moderate climate, but this altitude also influences air quality by potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive coffee plantations and cattle ranching dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter pollution through soil disturbance and the use of fertilizers. The city itself is relatively small, with a population of 16,387, exhibiting a clear urban-rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city lies within the watershed of the Rio Grande, and its water sources are susceptible to runoff from agricultural lands. There are no large industrial belts immediately surrounding Nova Resende, however, regional industrial activity in larger nearby cities can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants. The prevailing winds, influenced by the topography, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating these pollutants within the valley.

Nova Resende experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to April) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The dry season (May to September) presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall allows dust and agricultural emissions to accumulate, and lower humidity increases the risk of wildfires, a significant source of smoke and particulate matter. August and September are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler dry season nights, exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants near ground level. Winds are generally lighter during this period, hindering dispersion. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly on calm, hazy days. Monitoring local fire reports is crucial. The transition periods, spring and autumn, offer more moderate conditions, with improving or declining pollution levels respectively, making them more favourable for outdoor pursuits.