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Nova Serrana, nestled in the heart of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within a gently undulating landscape. Situated at coordinates -19.8758, -44.9839, the city’s elevation contributes to specific microclimatic conditions influencing air quality. The surrounding terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Brazilian Highlands, transitioning into more agricultural land use as one moves away from the urban core. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city lies within the watershed of several smaller rivers and streams, impacting local humidity and potential for atmospheric moisture. Nova Serrana’s economy is heavily reliant on the footwear and textile industries, creating localised industrial emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with significant agricultural activity – primarily cattle ranching and crop cultivation – surrounding the city. This agricultural presence introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation and seasonal burning. The city’s location, shielded by hills in certain directions, can exacerbate pollutant concentration during periods of calm winds, trapping emissions and reducing dispersion. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Nova Serrana.

Nova Serrana experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, sees significantly reduced rainfall and increased dust and particulate matter in the air. Agricultural burning, common during land preparation for the next planting season, exacerbates this issue, leading to periods of poorer air quality. Calm wind conditions during these months also contribute to pollutant build-up. October marks the transition, with increasing rainfall beginning to wash away accumulated particles. The wet season, from October to April, generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall scavenging pollutants and increased humidity suppressing dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. February and March, the peak of the wet season, are generally the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the dry season and monitor local conditions. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak burning periods is advisable. Fog, common during cooler mornings, can also trap pollutants, requiring extra vigilance.