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Tocantins, nestled within the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, at coordinates -21.1750, -43.0178, presents a unique geographic profile influencing its air quality. The city’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and plateaus, typical of the Brazilian Highlands, with an elevation contributing to potential temperature inversions. Situated inland, Tocantins isn’t directly impacted by coastal breezes, relying instead on regional wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive cattle ranching and increasingly, soybean and corn cultivation. This agricultural activity is a significant factor, contributing to particulate matter from land preparation, harvesting, and potential burning of crop residue. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the small population of 16,185 suggests a less intensely developed urban core surrounded by substantial rural areas. While no major industrial belts are immediately adjacent, regional mining activities further afield can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants. The lack of significant bodies of water nearby limits the moderating influence of humidity on pollutant dispersion, and the prevailing winds often carry emissions across the relatively flat topography, impacting air quality throughout the region. Understanding this interplay of terrain, land use, and meteorological conditions is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Tocantins.

Tocantins experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, sees significantly reduced rainfall and increased dust and particulate matter in the air. Agricultural activities, such as land clearing and harvesting, are at their peak during this period, exacerbating pollution levels. Lower humidity also means pollutants are less likely to be washed out by rain, leading to prolonged periods of poorer air quality. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground. October to April marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust and a natural cleansing effect. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and fungal spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. The months of August and September are generally the least favourable for outdoor activity due to peak dryness and agricultural emissions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor exertion during these months. Conversely, February and March, with higher rainfall, typically offer better air quality. Monitoring wind direction is also key, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas.