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Viçosa, nestled in the heart of Minas Gerais, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the southeastern region. Located at approximately -20.7539° latitude and -42.8819° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of around 830 meters (2,723 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally temperate climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Brazilian Highlands, interspersed with agricultural land and patches of remnant Atlantic Forest. Viçosa’s terrain is gently undulating, facilitating urban expansion but also influencing local wind patterns. The city is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water; the nearest significant river, the Paraíba do Sul, flows a considerable distance away, limiting the moderating influence of large water surfaces on local temperatures and humidity. The region is a vital agricultural hub, particularly known for coffee and dairy production, with extensive plantations surrounding Viçosa. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of air pollution, including pesticide drift and emissions from agricultural machinery. Furthermore, Viçosa’s location within a broader industrial belt of Minas Gerais, though not directly an industrial center itself, means it can be affected by pollutants transported from larger urban and industrial areas to the east. The urban–rural gradient around Viçosa is relatively gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery, impacting air quality through diffuse sources and seasonal agricultural activities. The topography and prevailing winds play a crucial role in the dispersion (or trapping) of pollutants within the Viçosa microclimate.

Viçosa’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity during these months contribute to the accumulation of dust and biomass burning emissions from agricultural activities – controlled burns are common for land preparation. Temperature inversions, more frequent during the cooler, drier nights, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. Higher humidity also helps to suppress dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can sometimes lead to flooding, which can release pollutants from contaminated soils. The months of August and September often present the most challenging air quality conditions due to a combination of dry conditions, agricultural burning, and stable atmospheric conditions. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, and the elderly should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse symptoms. During the wet season, while generally better, periods of heavy fog can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-borne pollutants. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during peak pollution periods. The interplay of rainfall, temperature, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality profile in Viçosa.