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Gurinhém, nestled in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat portion of the semi-arid Agreste region. Its coordinates (-7.1239, -35.4244) place it inland, approximately 120km from the Atlantic coastline. The surrounding landscape is characterised by *caatinga* scrubland, a uniquely adapted biome to drought conditions, interspersed with small farms. The terrain is gently undulating, with elevations rarely exceeding 200 meters, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. Gurinhém’s air quality is significantly shaped by its agricultural surroundings; the region supports substantial sugarcane and fruit cultivation, with associated seasonal burning practices. While not a major industrial hub itself, Gurinhém’s proximity to larger regional centres with some industrial activity contributes to background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town centre representing a concentrated source of emissions from vehicle traffic and domestic fuel burning, while surrounding areas experience lower concentrations, though impacted by agricultural practices. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural land also contributes to particulate matter. The lack of significant natural barriers to air flow means pollutants can accumulate during stable atmospheric conditions, particularly during the dry season. Understanding this interplay of geography and activity is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges.

Gurinhém experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from August to December, presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, elevating particulate matter concentrations. Agricultural burning, used for sugarcane harvesting and land preparation, is also most prevalent during this period, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants. Stable atmospheric conditions and lower wind speeds exacerbate pollutant accumulation. January to April marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust and smoke. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the air, and increased humidity can suppress dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. May to July represents a transitional period with moderate air quality. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the peak of the dry season (September-November), limiting strenuous outdoor activity. Monitoring wind direction is also advisable, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas. Overall, the wet season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.