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Lagoa Sêca, nestled in the Paraíba state of northeastern Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Agreste region, a transitional zone between the humid coastal forests and the semi-arid interior. Located at approximately -7.1708° latitude and -35.8536° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Borborema Plateau. Its elevation, averaging around 450 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The name itself, ‘Lagoa Sêca’ (Dry Lagoon), hints at the region’s historical water features, now largely diminished, reflecting the broader challenges of water scarcity in the Agreste. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily focusing on fruits (mangoes, bananas) and subsistence crops, interspersed with patches of caatinga vegetation – a drought-resistant biome. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Lagoa Sêca is surrounded by agricultural land, with limited large-scale industrial presence within the immediate vicinity. The nearest significant industrial belt lies further east, towards the coastal cities of João Pessoa, though occasional transport of goods through Lagoa Sêca can introduce transient pollution. The city’s proximity to the Rio Paraíba do Norte, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and can impact humidity levels, which in turn affects the dispersion of pollutants. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northeast, carrying potential pollutants from the coast inland, a factor impacting local air quality.

Lagoa Sêca experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, is characterized by reduced rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased solar radiation. This period often sees a build-up of particulate matter due to agricultural activities like controlled burns for land preparation, a common practice in the Agreste region. The lack of rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and the drier air can exacerbate respiratory issues. Conversely, the wet season (December to July) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally flushing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally lead to increased levels of mold spores and allergens, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. During the transition months (May-June and August-September), temperature inversions are possible, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the mornings. The prevailing northeast winds are generally stronger during the wet season, aiding in pollutant dispersal. For sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, the dry season months of September and October should be approached with caution, minimizing prolonged outdoor exposure and taking necessary precautions. The wet season offers a respite, but vigilance regarding allergens during periods of heavy rainfall remains important. The combination of agricultural practices and the region’s climate creates a dynamic air quality environment, requiring ongoing monitoring and community awareness.