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Sumé, nestled in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the semi-arid Sertão region. Located at coordinates -7.6719, -36.8800, the city sits amidst rolling hills and a landscape characterized by *caatinga* vegetation – a thorny scrubland adapted to prolonged drought. The terrain is undulating, with elevations varying, contributing to localized wind patterns. Sumé’s population of approximately 17,166 reflects its status as a regional hub, though largely rural in character. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; agricultural activities, primarily subsistence farming and livestock raising, dominate the surrounding areas. While not directly on a major waterway, Sumé is influenced by seasonal river flows and groundwater resources. The absence of heavy industry within Sumé itself is notable, however, regional agricultural practices – particularly the use of controlled burns for land clearing – and dust from unpaved roads contribute significantly to particulate matter in the air. The city’s location within a broad valley can also trap pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, can transport pollutants from coastal areas inland, impacting local air quality. Understanding this interplay of topography, land use, and meteorological conditions is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Sumé.

Sumé experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Sumé is most compromised during the prolonged dry season, typically from August to December. This period sees increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, exacerbated by low humidity and strong winds. Controlled burns, used for preparing fields for planting, contribute significantly to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels, creating hazy conditions. January to April brings the wet season, offering a temporary reprieve. Rainfall effectively washes away accumulated dust and suppresses agricultural burning, leading to improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. May to July represents a transitional period, with fluctuating rainfall and moderate air quality. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights, can trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions even during the wet season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (September-November). Monitoring wind direction is also advisable, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural zones. Avoiding strenuous activity during periods of high dust or smoke is recommended.