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Teixeira, nestled in the agrestic heart of Paraíba, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at -7.2228 latitude and -37.2539 longitude, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 480 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Borborema Plateau, characterized by rolling hills, dry forests (Caatinga biome), and extensive agricultural lands. Teixeira’s proximity to the Paraíba River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and microclimates. The urban character is distinctly rural, with a small population of 14,631, reflecting a primarily agricultural economy centered on crops like manioc, beans, and corn. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of fertilizers and occasional field burning, particularly during land preparation. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; Teixeira transitions rapidly from a small town center to surrounding farmland and scrubland. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering Teixeira, but the regional capital, João Pessoa, lies approximately 150 kilometers to the east, and occasional transport of goods to and from this industrial hub can introduce transient pollutants. The plateau terrain, combined with the prevailing wind patterns, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The Caatinga vegetation, while drought-resistant, can also release particulate matter during the dry season, impacting local air quality.

Teixeira’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, is characterized by intense solar radiation, low humidity, and frequent dust storms originating from the surrounding Caatinga vegetation and agricultural fields. These dust events significantly elevate particulate matter concentrations, impacting visibility and respiratory health. The lack of rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Conversely, the wet season (December to July) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can sometimes lead to stagnant air and localized fog, particularly in the mornings, which can trap pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occasionally occur during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants in the lower atmosphere. Wind patterns are generally consistent, blowing from the northeast, but can shift during periods of intense heat, creating localized variations in pollutant dispersion. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly during the months of March to May, when rainfall is moderate and temperatures are pleasant. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and wearing masks when dust storms are prevalent. Agricultural practices during the dry season should be carefully managed to minimize dust generation.