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Caruaru occupies a distinctive position in northeastern Brazil's Agreste region, situated approximately 130 kilometers west of Recife at an elevation of 545 meters above sea level. This intermediate elevation places it between the humid coastal zone and the arid interior sertão, creating a transitional urban character that blends agricultural processing with regional commerce. The city's terrain consists of rolling hills within the Borborema Plateau, with the Capibaribe River flowing nearby but not directly through the urban core. Caruaru's geography specifically influences air quality through its valley-like topography, which can trap pollutants during atmospheric stability, particularly in the drier months. Surrounded by mixed agricultural zones producing cotton, corn, and livestock, the city experiences occasional biomass burning influences from rural areas. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with the compact urban center giving way to dispersed peri-urban settlements and agricultural lands. Proximity to the industrial belt extending from Recife brings occasional transported pollutants, though Caruaru's primary pollution sources remain local—vehicle emissions from its role as a transportation hub and small-scale industries. The city's position on the plateau creates microclimatic conditions where temperature inversions can develop overnight, especially during the dry season, leading to pollutant accumulation near the surface until morning winds disperse them.

Caruaru's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its transitional climate between coastal humidity and interior aridity. During the dry season from September to February, pollution typically peaks due to reduced rainfall, increased biomass burning in surrounding agricultural areas, and more frequent temperature inversions that trap vehicle emissions and industrial particulates. November through January often present the poorest air quality, with sensitive groups advised to limit strenuous outdoor activities during morning hours when inversions are strongest. The wet season from March to August brings relief through regular precipitation that scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere, with June and July offering the cleanest air for outdoor pursuits. Meteorological factors driving these patterns include the southeast trade winds that generally improve dispersion from April onward, though occasional calm periods can still allow pollutant buildup. Unlike coastal cities, Caruaru experiences less marine influence but more pronounced diurnal temperature variations that affect pollution dynamics. Fog occasionally develops in valley areas during cooler months, combining with pollutants to reduce visibility and air quality. For visitors and residents with respiratory conditions, planning outdoor activities for late morning or early afternoon during the dry season provides better conditions, while the entire wet season offers generally favorable air quality for all population groups.