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Santo Agostinho, nestled in the Zona da Mata region of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape shaped by the interplay of the Atlantic Ocean and the Borborema Plateau. Located at approximately -8.29° latitude and -35.03° longitude, the city’s elevation averages around 350 meters above sea level, contributing to a moderate climate and influencing local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mosaic of dense Atlantic Forest, sugar cane plantations, and small-scale agricultural plots, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 30 kilometers to the east, introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and occasionally bringing in sea breezes that can disperse pollutants. However, this proximity also means the city is susceptible to coastal fog, which can trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. Santo Agostinho’s location within the Zona da Mata places it within a historically important agricultural belt, primarily focused on sugar cane production. This agricultural activity, alongside smaller-scale farming, contributes to localized emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. The city itself exhibits a typical Brazilian urban character, with a mix of residential areas, commercial centers, and some light industrial activity concentrated along major transportation routes. The terrain is gently undulating, with some steeper slopes towards the plateau, which can affect the accumulation of pollutants in lower-lying areas. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of factors impacting air quality, requiring careful consideration of both natural and anthropogenic influences.

Santo Agostinho’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere, and the persistent high-pressure systems associated with this period can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear land for planting, intensifies during this time, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the air. The months of September and October are particularly concerning due to the combined effect of these factors. Conversely, the wet season, from January to July, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, which generally improves air quality by washing away pollutants and increasing atmospheric mixing. Stronger winds during the wet season also help disperse emissions. However, periods of prolonged fog, especially during the transition months (May and November), can temporarily negate these benefits, creating stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically mid-morning and late afternoon. During the wet season, while generally cleaner, periods of heavy rainfall can still lead to localized flooding and the release of mold spores, impacting air quality for those with allergies. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is always advisable, regardless of the season.