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Feira Nova, nestled in the Zona da Mata region of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape characterized by rolling hills and a transition zone between the Atlantic Forest biome and the arid Northeast interior. Located at approximately -7.9508° latitude and -35.3889° longitude, the city’s elevation averages around 450 meters above sea level, contributing to a slightly cooler climate than coastal areas. The surrounding terrain is a mosaic of small farms, sugar cane plantations, and remnants of the Atlantic Forest, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Feira Nova benefits from proximity to several smaller streams and seasonal waterways, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The Zona da Mata is historically a key agricultural region, with sugar cane cultivation being particularly prevalent; this agricultural activity, alongside occasional burning practices during land clearing, can contribute to localized air pollution events. The city’s position within a broader industrial belt focused on sugar processing and related industries means that emissions from these facilities, though not overwhelmingly large, can impact air quality, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The prevailing winds generally flow from the east, bringing moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, but their influence can be disrupted by the topography, leading to localized air quality variations. The Atlantic Forest fragments surrounding Feira Nova also play a role in air purification, though their effectiveness is diminished by fragmentation and agricultural encroachment. The city’s relatively small population (21,427) suggests a primarily rural character, with a limited urban footprint, which generally reduces overall pollution levels compared to larger metropolitan areas.

Feira Nova’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, is often associated with heightened particulate matter concentrations. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity lead to a decrease in atmospheric moisture, allowing dust and smoke from agricultural burning to persist for longer periods. Stagnant air conditions are more frequent during this time, hindering the dispersion of pollutants. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, can also occur, further exacerbating the problem by preventing vertical mixing. The wet season, from March to July, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate pollution. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to increased mold and fungal spore concentrations, impacting indoor air quality and potentially triggering respiratory issues. The transitional months of February and December often experience variable conditions, with periods of both dry and wet weather, leading to fluctuating air quality. During the dry season, individuals with respiratory sensitivities, such as asthma sufferers and the elderly, should limit outdoor activities, particularly during the morning hours when agricultural burning is most common. The wet season generally offers improved air quality, but vigilance regarding indoor mold is advised. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature fluctuations, and rainfall dictates the air quality experience throughout the year, demanding adaptive strategies for public health and environmental management.