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Goiana, nestled in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically strategic position within the broader Zona da Mata region. Located at approximately -7.5606 latitude and -35.0025 longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the transition zone between the coastal plains and the inland plateau. Its elevation, relatively low-lying, contributes to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sugarcane plantations – Pernambuco being a major producer – interspersed with patches of Atlantic Forest remnants. Goiana’s proximity to the Capibaribe River, a vital waterway, influences local humidity and can contribute to stagnant air conditions during periods of low wind. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural land. This proximity to extensive agricultural activity is a key factor influencing air quality, with seasonal burning of sugarcane fields being a significant source of particulate matter. The city’s location, while benefiting from agricultural prosperity, presents unique challenges for maintaining clean air, particularly given the prevailing wind patterns which can concentrate pollutants during certain times of the year. Industrial activity, though not as dominant as agriculture, also contributes to the overall pollution profile, particularly from processing facilities related to sugarcane and related products.

Goiana experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Goiana is most compromised during the dry season, typically from August to December. This period coincides with the sugarcane harvest and associated burning, leading to a significant spike in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations. Low rainfall and reduced wind speeds during these months exacerbate the problem, trapping pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, common in the mornings, further worsen air quality by preventing vertical mixing. January to April marks the wet season, bringing relief from the dry season’s pollution. Frequent rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity reduces dust levels. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution from traffic and smaller industrial sources persists. May to July represents a transitional period with improving, but still variable, air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the August-December period, limiting outdoor activity on days with visible haze. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from sugarcane-growing areas will likely carry higher pollutant loads. Overall, the wet season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.