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Jataúba, nestled in the agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast’s semi-arid landscape. Located at approximately -7.99° latitude and -36.49° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Borborema Plateau. The elevation averages around 450 meters above sea level, influencing local climate patterns and air circulation. Jataúba sits within a transitional zone, bordering both the arid interior and the more humid coastal areas, creating a unique microclimate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by caatinga vegetation, a thorny scrubland adapted to drought conditions, interspersed with patches of agricultural land primarily dedicated to subsistence farming and the cultivation of fruits like mango and guava. While Jataúba itself is a relatively small municipality, it’s situated within a broader agricultural belt, with larger towns and cities exhibiting more intensive farming practices further east. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small settlements and agricultural plots blending seamlessly into the surrounding caatinga. The city’s proximity to the São Francisco River, though not directly adjacent, is crucial; the river’s influence moderates temperatures and provides a vital water source for irrigation. The lack of significant industrial activity within Jataúba itself means that air quality is primarily influenced by regional factors like agricultural burning and dust storms, rather than localized industrial emissions. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, transport pollutants from surrounding areas, impacting air quality throughout the year.

Jataúba’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, is characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and frequent dust storms. These storms, driven by strong winds, lift fine particulate matter from the parched caatinga and agricultural lands, significantly degrading air quality. The lack of rainfall during this period allows dust to accumulate, exacerbating the problem. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening conditions. Conversely, the wet season (December to July) brings relief through frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. However, the onset of the wet season can initially see a spike in pollutants due to agricultural burning practices as farmers clear land for planting. The increased humidity also contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly during periods of intense sunshine. Months like September and October, coinciding with peak dry season and agricultural burning, are generally periods to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, especially for children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, vigilance is still advised during periods of agricultural burning. Sensitive groups should monitor local conditions and limit exposure to smoke and haze.