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Jucati, nestled in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Agreste region, a transitional zone between the densely forested Zona da Mata and the arid Sertão. Located at approximately -8.7058° latitude and -36.4889° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Agreste landscape. The elevation averages around 400 meters above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Jucati’s proximity to the São Francisco River, a vital waterway for the region, moderates temperatures and contributes to localized humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily sugarcane and fruit cultivation, interspersed with patches of caatinga vegetation – a drought-resistant biome. This agricultural activity, while crucial to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient around Jucati is relatively gradual, with small rural settlements blending into the urban fabric. While Jucati itself is a small city with a population of approximately 11,517, it serves as a regional hub for surrounding agricultural communities. The lack of major industrial zones within the immediate vicinity mitigates some pollution risks, but the reliance on road transport for agricultural goods introduces vehicle emissions as a factor. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though localized inversions can trap them under certain atmospheric conditions.

Jucati’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, stemming from agricultural activities like sugarcane burning, a common practice for land clearing and preparation. The drier air also exacerbates dust emissions from unpaved roads and construction sites. During this time, stagnant air masses are more frequent, hindering pollutant dispersion and potentially leading to localized air quality challenges. Conversely, the wet season, from January to July, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate levels. The increased rainfall washes away dust and pollutants, and the higher humidity can trap some gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release mold spores and other allergens into the air. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning periods. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although pollen allergies may be a concern. The interplay of temperature, humidity, and wind patterns creates a dynamic air quality profile, demanding ongoing monitoring and targeted public health advisories.