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Lagoa do Carro, nestled in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically interesting position within the broader Mata Pernambucana region. Located at approximately -7.8450 latitude and -35.3200 longitude, the municipality is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, typical of the transition zone between the coastal plains and the inland *agreste*. The elevation is relatively modest, contributing to warmer temperatures and influencing atmospheric circulation. The ‘Lagoa do Carro’ (Carro’s Lagoon) itself, though potentially a scenic feature, can contribute to localised humidity and potentially trap pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Surrounding the urban centre is a mosaic of sugarcane plantations – a dominant feature of Pernambuco’s agricultural landscape – and smaller-scale family farms. This agricultural activity is a key factor influencing air quality, through the seasonal burning of sugarcane stalks post-harvest. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town centre representing a concentrated source of emissions from vehicle traffic and domestic fuel combustion, while the surrounding areas are dominated by agricultural sources. The proximity to larger urban centres like Recife and Caruaru also means Lagoa do Carro can experience pollutant transport from these areas, particularly during specific wind patterns. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating these emissions.

Air quality in Lagoa do Carro is strongly dictated by the region’s distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning August to December, witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. This is primarily due to the widespread burning of sugarcane fields in preparation for the next harvest, releasing substantial particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and other pollutants. Lower humidity and increased temperatures during this period exacerbate the problem, creating conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. November and December are generally the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from March to July, brings relief. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity suppresses dust and smoke. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from vehicle emissions and domestic sources remains a concern. February and March can experience transitional periods with fluctuating air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak pollution periods in the dry season and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring wind direction is also crucial; winds from agricultural areas will carry higher pollutant loads.