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Parnamirim, nestled in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the metropolitan region of Recife. Located at approximately -8.0906° latitude and -39.5783° longitude, the city’s geography is characterized by a gently undulating terrain transitioning from coastal plains to the foothills of the Borborema Plateau. This varied topography significantly influences local air circulation patterns. The city borders the Atlantic Ocean to the east, providing a moderating influence on temperature and humidity, but also introducing potential for marine-derived pollutants, particularly salt spray and aerosols. To the west, the landscape rises, incorporating more rural areas dominated by sugar cane plantations and small-scale agriculture, a significant source of potential biomass burning emissions, especially during the dry season. Parnamirim’s urban fabric is a blend of residential areas, commercial zones, and light industrial activity, reflecting its role as a satellite city to Recife. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly giving way to urban development. The proximity to the Capibaribe River also plays a role, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The elevation varies, generally ranging from 10 to 80 meters above sea level, which can contribute to localized temperature inversions, particularly during cooler nights, hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding landscape, a mix of coastal forests and agricultural fields, contributes to both natural air purification and potential pollution sources.

Parnamirim experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically from August to February, is often associated with elevated particulate matter concentrations. This is largely due to increased biomass burning from agricultural activities – clearing land for sugarcane and other crops – and the prevalence of atmospheric stability. During this period, temperature inversions are more frequent, particularly in the evenings, trapping pollutants released during the day. Wind speeds tend to be lower, further reducing dispersion. The wet season, from March to July, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to a reduction in particulate matter as precipitation washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, exacerbating pollution by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. The months of September and October often see a peak in agricultural burning, making them periods to exercise caution for those with respiratory conditions. Conversely, May and June, with consistent rainfall, typically offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory illnesses, should monitor local conditions and limit outdoor activity during periods of high biomass burning or stagnant air. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also crucial during these times.