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Pombos, nestled in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically interesting position within the broader Zona da Mata region. Located at approximately -8.1492 latitude and -35.4011 longitude, the city sits inland, roughly 30 kilometers from the Atlantic coastline. The terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the region’s transition zone between the coastal plains and the Borborema Plateau. This inland location, while offering some distance from direct marine influences, means Pombos is still subject to high humidity levels throughout much of the year. The surrounding landscape is dominated by sugarcane plantations, interspersed with smaller areas of fruit orchards and remnant Atlantic Forest fragments. While Pombos isn’t a major industrial hub, the wider Pernambuco state experiences industrial activity concentrated around Recife and Ipojuca, potentially contributing to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately surrounding the city centre. This proximity to agricultural practices, including the seasonal burning of sugarcane fields, significantly impacts local air quality. The elevation, averaging around 200 meters above sea level, influences atmospheric dispersion patterns, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Pombos.

Pombos experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Pombos is most compromised during the dry season, typically from August to December. This period coincides with increased agricultural burning, particularly sugarcane harvesting and preparation for the next planting cycle. The drier air allows pollutants to accumulate, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Lower wind speeds during these months also hinder pollutant dispersion. Conversely, the wet season, spanning from March to July, generally brings improved air quality. Rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution events can occur due to vehicle emissions and smaller-scale burning. Temperature inversions, common in the early mornings throughout the year, can trap pollutants near ground level, regardless of the season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in areas near agricultural land. Monitoring wind direction is also advisable, avoiding exposure when winds carry smoke from burning activities. February and March, transitioning into the wet season, often offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.