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Tracunhaém, nestled along the southern coast of Pernambuco, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Mata Norte microregion. Located at approximately -7.8050 latitude and -35.2400 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating coastal plain, transitioning gradually to low hills inland. Its defining feature is its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, specifically the Praia dos Carneiros, a renowned beach known for its picturesque beauty and calm, turquoise waters. This coastal location inherently influences local air quality, with sea breezes playing a crucial role in ventilation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coconut groves, small-scale agriculture (primarily sugarcane and cassava), and patches of Atlantic Forest remnants. While Tracunhaém itself is a relatively small urban center, it sits within a broader agricultural zone, and the potential for agricultural burning, particularly during land clearing periods, represents a localized air quality concern. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with small villages and rural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Tracunhaém; however, larger industrial areas are located further inland, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The elevation is low, generally below 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The prevailing winds are generally easterly, bringing in moist air from the Atlantic, which can also influence the dispersion of airborne particles.

Tracunhaém’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural burning practices as farmers prepare land for the next planting cycle. While regulations exist, enforcement can be challenging, leading to localized smoke events. The prevailing winds during this period, while generally easterly, can occasionally shift, trapping smoke plumes closer to the city. The wet season, from January to July, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. The increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the air. During the wet season, fog is relatively uncommon, but periods of persistent cloud cover can reduce sunlight and potentially influence ozone formation. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are less frequent than in temperate climates but can occur, particularly during calmer periods in the dry season, trapping pollutants near the surface. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be mindful of potential smoke events during the dry season and limit prolonged outdoor activity on days with visible haze. The months of September and October often present the highest risk due to peak agricultural burning. Conversely, the months of March to May generally offer the best air quality, characterized by consistent rainfall and strong sea breezes.