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Araquari, nestled in the coastal state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Florianópolis metropolitan region. Located at approximately -26.37° latitude and -48.72° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape transitioning from the coastal plains towards the Serra do Mar mountain range to the north. This proximity to the mountains creates a localized valley effect, which can influence air circulation patterns. The city sits near the Babitonga River, a vital waterway impacting local humidity and potentially contributing to fog formation, especially during cooler months. Araquari’s urban fabric is a blend of residential areas, industrial zones, and agricultural fringes. Historically, the region was heavily reliant on sugar cane cultivation, and while this has diminished, agricultural activity persists in the surrounding areas, contributing to potential particulate matter emissions. A significant industrial belt, centered around the Porto de Itajaí, a major Brazilian port, lies just to the south, impacting Araquari’s air quality due to shipping activities, industrial processes, and associated transportation. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly giving way to urban development. The prevailing winds generally blow from the southwest, carrying pollutants from the industrial zone and potentially impacting Araquari. Elevation varies slightly, but generally remains below 100 meters above sea level, limiting the natural dispersion of pollutants and exacerbating localized air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is a mix of coastal forests, agricultural fields, and the looming presence of the Serra do Mar, all contributing to the city’s unique environmental profile.

Araquari’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern influencing air quality. The region experiences a wet season (roughly November to March) and a drier season (April to October). During the wet season, increased rainfall generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, reducing particulate matter concentrations. However, humidity levels rise significantly, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The increased cloud cover can also trap pollutants closer to the ground. Conversely, the drier months often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced precipitation and increased solar radiation, which can contribute to photochemical smog formation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months (June-August), trap pollutants in the lower atmosphere, leading to periods of poorer air quality. Fog, frequently occurring near the Babitonga River, further restricts dispersion. The months of July and August often present the most challenging air quality conditions, particularly for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. During these months, outdoor activities should be planned for early mornings or late afternoons when temperatures are cooler and wind speeds are typically higher. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma or other respiratory illnesses, should exercise caution and limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air. The transition months of October and April represent periods of moderate air quality, with fluctuating conditions influenced by both wet and dry season characteristics. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and air quality forecasts is crucial for minimizing exposure and protecting public health.