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Biguaçu, nestled in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Florianópolis metropolitan region. Located at approximately -27.4942 latitude and -48.6556 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently sloping hills, rising to an elevation that contributes to localized microclimates. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 5 kilometers to the east, exerts a considerable influence on weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. Biguaçu sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves inland. To the west, agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to horticulture and small-scale farming, are prevalent, introducing potential sources of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and particulate matter from agricultural practices. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dense Atlantic Forest remnants, interspersed with residential areas and commercial zones. The city’s location within a humid subtropical climate zone means it experiences distinct wet and dry seasons, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The nearby industrial belt of Florianópolis, while not directly adjacent, can contribute to regional air pollution episodes, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The Barigui River, flowing through the municipality, also plays a role in local humidity and potential for fog formation, which can trap pollutants. The urban character of Biguaçu is a mix of established residential neighborhoods and newer developments, with increasing vehicle traffic contributing to localized emissions.

Biguaçu’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its humid subtropical climate. The wet season, typically spanning from November to March, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged fog, common during this season, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized air quality concerns, especially in low-lying areas. The dry season, from April to October, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased sunshine. This often results in atmospheric stability, particularly during the months of July and August, which can lead to temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants closer to the surface, potentially exacerbating air quality issues. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to particulate matter during the dry season, especially in the surrounding rural areas. Wind patterns are generally moderate, but periods of calm air are more frequent during the dry season, hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of stagnant air, particularly in the late afternoon and early evening when inversions are most likely to occur. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but vigilance is advised during foggy periods. The transition months of April and October often present a mix of conditions, requiring careful monitoring of local air quality reports.