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Correia Pinto, nestled in the Serra Catarinense region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape sculpted by the Brazilian Highlands. Located at approximately -27.5850 latitude and -50.3608 longitude, the city’s elevation, averaging around 950 meters (3,117 feet) above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to coastal areas of Santa Catarina. The surrounding terrain is characterized by rolling hills, dense Atlantic Forest remnants, and steep valleys, typical of the mountainous interior. Correia Pinto sits within a predominantly rural area, transitioning gradually towards more urbanized centers like Lages and Mafra. This urban–rural gradient influences local air quality; while industrial emissions are limited within Correia Pinto itself, agricultural activities in the surrounding areas, particularly dairy farming and cultivation of beans and potatoes, can contribute to particulate matter and ammonia emissions. The city’s proximity to the Rio Vacacaí River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. The Atlantic Forest, while providing a natural air filter, is fragmented, limiting its overall effectiveness. Prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying potential pollutants from agricultural zones eastward towards the city. The topography, with its hills and valleys, can also create localized areas of stagnant air, exacerbating pollution episodes, especially during temperature inversions common in the cooler months.

Correia Pinto’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The wet season, spanning roughly November to March, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, intense storms can temporarily elevate particulate levels due to wind erosion and soil disturbance. The dry season, from April to October, presents a more complex picture. As temperatures decrease, particularly during the months of June, July, and August, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases. These inversions trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas to clear land for planting, becomes more prevalent during this period, significantly contributing to particulate matter and smoke haze. Fog, also more frequent during the dry, cooler months, further restricts air movement and concentrates pollutants. September and October often see a gradual improvement as rainfall increases. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning or when fog is present. Limiting outdoor exertion during these times and monitoring local air quality reports (if available) is advisable. The transition months of April and May, and October and November, typically offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities due to moderate temperatures and increased rainfall.